FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 48 Financial assets are initially measured at fair value plus in the case of assets not measured at fair value through profit or loss, directly attributable transaction costs. Subsequently financial assets, excluding derivatives, are classified as measured at amortised cost or fair value, depending on the Group’s business model for managing the financial asset and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial asset. Derivatives are subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss. Changes in the fair value of derivatives used to economically hedge the Group’s foreign exchange exposure are recognised in other earnings in the earnings or loss component of the statement of comprehensive earnings. A financial asset qualifies for amortised cost, using the effective interest method net of any impairment loss if it meets both of the following conditions: - the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets in order to collect contractual cash flows; and - the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise, on specified dates, to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. If a financial asset does not meet both of these conditions, it is measured at fair value. The assessment of business model is made at portfolio level as this reflects best the way the business is managed, and information is provided to management. Purchases or sales of financial assets that require delivery of assets within a time frame established by regulation or convention in the marketplace are recognised on the trade date, i.e. the date that the Group commits to purchase or sell the asset. The Group’s financial assets are classified as trade and other receivables, amounts due from contract customers, and cash and bank balances. The Group’s financial assets are classified and measured as follows: Trade and other receivables Trade and other receivables are subsequently measured at amortised cost. Amounts due from contract customers Amounts due from contract customers are carried at cost plus margin recognised, less billings and recognised losses at the reporting date in accordance with the revenue recognition policy shown below. Contract receivables and contract retentions are initially recognised at cost plus margin, which approximates fair value, and are subsequently measured at amortised cost. Contract receivables and retentions comprise amounts due in respect of progress billings certified by the client or consultant at the reporting date for which payment has not been received and amounts held as retentions on certified work at the reporting date. Contract costs include costs that are attributable directly to the contract and costs that are attributable to contract activity. Costs that relate directly to a specific contract comprise: site labour costs (including site supervision); costs of materials used in construction; depreciation of equipment used on the contract; costs of design, technical assistance, and any other costs which are specifically chargeable to the customer in terms of the contract. Contract costs incurred that relate to future activity are recognised as an asset to the extent that it is probable it will be recovered. Such costs represent amounts due from contract customers. Cash and bank balances Cash and bank balances comprise cash on hand and bank balances that are subsequently measured at amortised cost. Cash held in joint arrangements are available for use by the Group with the approval of the joint arrangement partners. Bank overdrafts are offset against positive bank balances where a legally enforceable right of offset exists and there is an intention to settle the overdraft and realise the net cash. For the purposes of the statement of cash flows, cash and bank balances consist of cash and bank balances defined above net of outstanding bank overdrafts. Presentation of Impairment Loss allowances for financial assets measured at amortised cost are deducted from the gross carrying amount of the asset. Derecognition A financial asset is derecognised when: - the rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired; or - the Group has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a “pass-through” arrangement; and either (a) the Group has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (b) the Group has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset. When the Group has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from an asset, and has neither transferred Notes to the annual financial statements (continued) for the year ended 30 June 2021
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